• Describe presentation, diagnosis, and initial management of common pediatric urologic conditions including UTIs, vesicoureteral reflux, and congenital anomalies.

• Recognize red flags and indications for urgent intervention or specialist referral (e.g., obstructive uropathy, recurrent febrile UTIs, hydronephrosis).

• Apply age‑appropriate evaluation strategies: history, physical exam, urinalysis/urine culture, and appropriate use of imaging (RBUS, VCUG).

• Implement evidence‑based approaches to enuresis and voiding dysfunction, including behavioral interventions and pharmacologic options.

• Counsel families on expectations, long‑term monitoring, and when to engage pediatric urology for collaborative care.

Pediatric Urologists and Pediatricians